Inequalities in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inequalities in Education - Essay Example Hence, it is easy to understand that there is a strong correlation between policies of the political parties in power, and the impetus given to the field of education, especially in the present day context of multiculturalism. This essay shall briefly analyze the dimensions of inequality, the causal factors and the policy implications in the field of education, in the United Kingdom since the close of the twentieth century. It shall consider three major inequalities namely, a) economic gap/social class b) gender/sex c) race/ethnic minority, and study how policies have impacted these inequalities as regards education in general. It shall also discuss education with particular relevance to early years, and conclude that while the policies have positively impacted reduction of gender inequalities, more efforts are required to eradicate ethnic inequalities. Peter Taylor-Gooby in his work "Attitudes to Social Justice" published by the Institute for Public Policy Research (2005) cites David Miller to identify four principles of social justice namely, a) Equal Citizenship, b) The Social Minimum, c) Equality of Opportunity, and d) Fair Distribution (p. 2). Of these four, the third has particular relevance to education, and the inequalities within it. ... unity of opportunity is said to exist only when the chances of an individual getting education and jobs, depend solely on their own motivation and aptitudes rather than on other factors such as gender, class or ethnicity. When the differences in Social Class, Gender and Race/Ethnic origins prevent or deny educational or job opportunities, then these are considered to be impediments to achieving social justice, they are inequalities that obstruct fair distribution of opportunities and rewards. While Education is considered to be a tool that aids equality in society, "as the principle means of creating a more equal society", it is also said to contribute to "the reproduction of social inequalities" (Moore 7) and has important implications in ensuring 'social mobility' (DfES 7). Given that educations is a potential tool for implementing social justice, it is essential to study and record the inequalities that affect the process of education. Foremost among the factors affecting education is the difference in income levels; poverty affects educational possibilities. Poverty/Class as an Inequality: It is important to distinguish between "inequality and poverty" even though they are closely linked (Hills & Stewart 232). Poverty is measured by taking into account the incomes of the poorest households and comparing them against the median income; generally poverty line is defined at 60% of current median income, after adjustments. The differences in incomes lead to two types of inequalities - Vertical and Horizontal. The former indicates the difference between the topmost and bottommost income earners, while the latter indicates communities or nations with similar incomes (biz/ed 1). The New Labour government has changed its policies since the 1970s, and now no longer

Our Countrys Good - Characters Reactions to the Play Essay Example for Free

Our Countrys Good Characters Reactions to the Play Essay The play tells the story of convicts and Royal Marines sent to Australia in the late 1780s as part of the first penal colony there. It follows Second Lieutenant Ralph Clarks attempts to put on a production of George Farquhars comedy play called â€Å"The Recruiting Officer† with a cast of male and female convicts. The play also shows interesting turning points for the convicts and their attitude towards the George Farquhar play, which now will be looked into more detail. When the play is first proposed: Upon arrival in Australia, the Governor-in-Chief Captain Arthur Phillips suggests an activity or a form of education for the convicts during their stay. Second Lieutenant Ralph Clark takes on the idea to perform a play and decides on the comedy â€Å"The Recruiting Officer†. Midshipman Harry Brewer likes the idea, but Captain Watkin Tench laughs at the very idea. Nevertheless, Ralph Clark calls upon the first convict Meg Long who is very old and smelly, and who has no idea that Ralph is talking about making a theatric play; she thinks he means something sexual by the word â€Å"play†. Even still, she tells Ralph Clark that she will do whatever he wants. Moments later, a Robert Sideway shows up and is very intrigued by doing a play and tells a story about when he used to pick pocket outside a theatre in London. He is very enthusiastic with his words â€Å"I beg you, I entreat you, to let me perform on your stage, to let me feel once again the thrill of a play about to begin†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Thereafter, another two female convicts arrive; Dabby Bryant and Mary Brenham. Mary is extremely shy, but has the ability to read unlike Dabby, although Dabby is very enthusiastic about the play. Afterwards, Liz Morden appears. She seems to be a very harsh lady and snatches the book from Ralph and says â€Å"I understand you want me in your play, Lieutenant. Is that it? I’ll look at it and let you know. † These words signal anger and pride, but still a slight interest in being included in the play. The reactions of the Royal Marines are in fact quite different. In Act One, Scene Six they hear about the newfound idea of making a play with the convicts. Major Robbie Ross is the one who is the most against the idea of having a play. He believes the convicts are there to be punished for their crimes, â€Å"You want this vice-ridden vermin to enjoy themselves? † Captain Watkin Tench is on Ross’s side and believes the convicts should do hard labour instead of leisure. The Reverend Johnson agrees that the play is unable to uphold Christian values and therefore decides that the play should not be allowed. He does not believe that the convicts can reform. The only neutral person in this discussion is Lieutenant Will Dawes who does not care if the play is there or not â€Å"Put the play on, don’t put it on, it won’t change the shape of the universe. † Only Ralph Clark and Governor Phillips believe in the idea of redemption and change for the convicts, and thus building up a society amongst them all. Therefore, the Governor allows the play to proceed as Ralph Clark intended. Whilst the play is being rehearsed: Many of the convicts are disappointed in the roles they have received and there is constant confusion of the disappearance of Kable and John Arscott, where some are indicating that they have escaped. The convicts appear to be having misconceptions about acting although they are trying their best to perform. Liz Morden who appeared to be a having a negative attitude towards everything, seems now to have a more formal way of speaking and is very enthusiastic about her lines, but only remembers them because they were read to her and therefore speaks very fast. She also seems to have gained a nicer approach to her inmates â€Å"Thank you, Lucy, I do much appreciate your effort. † Ralph Clark performs a major leading role in teaching the convicts how to read their lines and act it out at the same time. He is still very interested in the play. But Major Ross ruins their rehearsals when he enters and disrupts their play by accusing Ralph for the escape of Arscott and Kable â€Å"Five men have run away and it’s all because of your damned play and your so-called thespists. † After the incident, half of the convicts end up enchained and Ralph Clark is considering shutting down the play, but Governor Phillips explains that he should not. Liz Morden, John Wisehammer, John Arscott and Black Caesar are all in chains, but still continue to rehearse the play. This gives an idea of a newfound passion for the play and a new aim in their lives before they are hanged. In the second rehearsal, some convicts are still in chains and Major Ross does everything he can to disrupt the play. Ralph makes a fool of Ross by telling him to leave â€Å"Major, there is a modesty attached to the process of creation, which must be respected. † This makes Ross even more angered and turns it around on the convicts. He makes fun of the convicts who still try to rehearse passionately. The rehearsal is stopped by the sound of Arscott’s cries. Later on, we see that Wisehammer wants to become a famous writer and he tells Ralph that he has written a new introduction for the play. The convicts are now all very into the play and they rehearse with great passion. Even when all the convicts are not present, they are forced to act to different characters, but they are willing and able. There are also some deeper emotions going on between the convicts and between Ralph and Mary. Ralph gets jealous when Wisehammer kisses Mary during the rehearsals, but Wisehammer feels it is part of the play and it should be taken seriously. Later on in Act Two, Scene Nine, Ralph and Mary are rehearsing together and they grow fond of each other as they act. â€Å"What you please as to that. Will you lodge at my quarters in the meantime? You shall have part of my bed. Silvia. Mary†. Ralph uses the words of the play to indicate his feelings for Mary and they both undress. By the conclusion of the play: In Act Two, Scene Ten, the Royal Marines are discussing the innocence of Liz Morden, and as she will not speak they think she is guilty (of stealing some food). But Governor Phillips reminds her of the play and she then speaks. This directly means she feels an obligation to her friends, and that dying would matter. She now feels she has something to live for and that is the play. Her words have also become more formal and she no longer sounds like a convict â€Å"Your Excellency, I will endeavour to speak Mr Farquhar’s lines with the elegance and clarity their own worth commands. † The play has brought everyone together and everyone has become nicer to everyone. During the backstage before the performance they discuss how to take the bow, which displays confidence in their upcoming performance and everyone is now focused on the play. Even Dabby is â€Å"suddenly transfixed† but she still wants to escape after their first performance which will get Ralph into trouble, so Mary is against it. Everyone pushes everyone to participate and motivates them. Black Caesar has stage fright but is forced to do it by his inmates. Wisehammer recites his new prologue which is surprisingly good which indicates his passion for writing and for the play itself. In conclusion, all the convicts have been convinced by the end of the play and they now feel the magic that the play contains and it had brought them all together, during rehearsals and throughout till the end.

Why Do People Need Faith In God Theology Religion Essay

Why Do People Need Faith In God Theology Religion Essay We have known about God since a very long time. We know that in Islam God name is Allah, Hinduism has many Gods and some of them are Ganesh, Vishnu and Brahma, in Hebrew God name is Yahweh, in Christianity God name is Jehovah, Chineses NGod is Yang Yin, one of Greeks Gods is Zeus and so on. We all know it, but we dont know why in different religions God has different names and why some religions have many Gods. May be we never think about it. So my research question is why in different religions God has different names and why some religions have many Gods. In this essay I try to find out answer to these questions. In the Christian Religion, there is only One God, who is a Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Jesus was Jew hence He believed and worshipped the only true God Jehovah and always tried to please Him he prayed to Him and loved Him John 17:3 states this means everlasting life the taking in knowledge of YOU (prayer to Jehovah by Jesus) and the One you sent forth (Jesus) He never referred to Himself as God He never said the Holy Spirit was God. You see taking in knowledge of Jesus does not make Him God, but faith in Him is requirement for life. God cannot die but Jesus died for our sins and if we do not respect Jesus new role as Messiah we cannot gain life everlasting. Jehovah is God; Jesus is the son of God as stated in scripture.  [1]   In the Jewish Religion, there is only one God, HaShem (The Name). In deference to Judaism, God is the correct spelling.  [2]   In the Islamic Religion, there is only one God, Allah, and Muhammed is his prophet. Allah has no intermediaries, no spouse, no children, and thus, Allah is ONE. In the Sikh Religion, there is only One, Hari; who has many names and many forms.  [3]   In the Buddhist Religion, there are many Buddhas, but not all buddhists are deists or worshippers of Idols of Buddha. The first Buddha to attain enlightenment is Gautama Buddha, who is worshipped as a God in some strands of Buddhism. The Dalai Llama, for example comes from Tibetan Buddhism, which has deities. Buddha was a Hindu, so he would have been familiar with the Hindu deities.  [4]   In the Hindu Religion, there is one Formless God and a trimurti of Creator, Preserver and Destroyer Gods. There are many other gods and consorts. In the Parsee Religion, Zoroastrianism, there is Ormazd, sometimes called Ahura Mazda or simply Mazda, the most well-known of their Gods.  [5]   There were other deities. In Confucianism, there is Tien (Heaven). Also known as Shang Di(The Lord on High). Ancestors are also worshipped. Taoism has numerous deities. Shinto has numerous deities. Jainism has numerous deites. Africans didnt have a religion, they had Spirituality from which ALL religions began, had Gods such as Isis, Horus, Heru, Ausar,Osirus; Mayan religion has many deities, Ancient Greek and Roman religions all had myths for example Yesus, Thor, Zeus, Mercury. The American Indians had their deities, and the Australian Aboriginals had their Gods and the Dreamtime. There were Norse Gods, Scandinavian Gods, Celtic Gods, Druidic Gods, along with nature religions also. Where ever there is mankind, there you will find worshippers of the Divine.  [6]   So, from this text I understand that many religions have just one God. But in some religions people believe that we more Gods and that there have certain destination. But why, maybe people were easier to believe in something, such as a God to explain different phenomena, phenomena of life or explain some occurring moments in the life of mankind. However, why just this names? Firstly, we need to know what the name is. In the ancient world names were thought to be extremely powerful and to act, in some ways, as a separate manifestation of a person or deity.  [7]  Well, I think that God hasnt particular name, so people named God like that, because they were based on their imagines about him. For example, Muslims, adherents of Islam named God Allah, because it is an Arabic word meaning The God. Greeks imagined that Zeus is the Father of Gods; he is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology, so for Greek people Zeus is the main God, because sky is impersonation of world. But why we, people need faith in God? Faith is our motivation to fulfill our purpose. Faith and work are dependent upon one another for existence. Theyre like energy and matter, Yin and yang, opposites, but complements. Without faith its impossible to please God  [8]  , so our relationship with the Lord is dependent on it. Faith is what brings the things God has provided for us from the spiritual realm into the physical realm  [9]  . Our faith is the victory that enables us to overcome the world  [10]  . Everything the Lord does for us is accessed through faith. Human faith can only believe what it can see, taste, hear, smell, or feel; its limited to the five senses. Using natural human faith, we can sit in a chair weve never sat in and believe it will hold us up. We fly in airplanes when we dont fully understand how they work, and we dont know the pilot, but we trust that everything will be okay. That takes human faith, which God gave to every person. Yet when it comes to God, we have to believe things that we cannot see. You havent seen God or the devil. You havent seen heaven or hell. You havent seen sin; therefore, you wouldnt know what you would look like if your sins were taken awa y. However, you have to believe in all these things to be born again. How can you believe in things you cant see? The answer is that you cant believe in invisible things with human faith. You need Gods supernatural faith.  [11]   Sometimes when a person is bad, when he lost everything, he has only faith, belief in something good. We have a lot of good thoughts to believe, but the best of them is the thought of God. In some situations, only faith in God can help keep the kindness, confidence in our heart and move on. In concluded, why in some religions have many Gods? I think in some religions people cant prove or cant explain some phenomenon in life, in nature, so, their think that it all happens because of Gods. For example, if the sky shines for lightning, that gods were angry at someone or at something or if the sun shines brightly, it means that the gods have good mood and they were shone by pleasure because of their eternal, divine life. So people explain all this phenomena. Fine, I have answer for this question, but I didnt answer the question, why in different religions God has different names? I think because different people have a different worldview, so there have different beliefs to God, and there have different religions. If people have similar worldview, similar beliefs and have different religion I think it is wrong, because if all there thinks are similar, they dont need different religions, and they can be one extended religion. I think people need to believe to different Gods names, because they need to prove that their thoughts are different from other. So, I think exactly because of that in different religions God has different names.

Women Overcoming Domestic Violence in Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat Essay

Zora Neale Hurston's 'Sweat' is a short story about the struggles and hardships in the life of an African American woman living in the south. The short story talked about the treatment of women in these times. Many women of present times can identify with the hardships that Delia encountered in her marriage. The story also deals with adultery in relationships and the dishonesty and heartache it brings to a relationship. The story gives many women of domestic violence the strength and the courage to stand up for themselves and against their husbands. In these times it was hard for African American women to stand up to their abusive husbands. Getting a divorce was not a very common thing to do. Most women endured the pain and troubles of being physically and mentally abused everyday. A number of women were too poor to get a divorce or even runaway from their husbands. Husbands of these times supported the family and were the only ones who had a job in the family. In 'Sweat' Delia was the supporter of the family she worked every day supporting herself and Sykes. This was not very common in these times. Most women stayed home and watched the children while the men supported the family. With women not working this made it hard for them to get enough money to leave their husbands and support themselves and their children without their husbands. The story gives women of domestic violence courage and strength to get out of an abusive relationship. In one part of the story Delia...

McGregor’s Theory X and Y Essay

The foundation of McGregor’s theory has direct links to Taylor’s study of scientific management: a study of scientific management as a link between human beings and their jobs which in turn need to be re-constructed to maximise efficiency (Waddell et al. 2007, p. 43). Many researchers and scholars have developed theories based on the work of F.W. Taylor. McGregor, Maslow and others who assisted to improve the view of human relation tried to prove that there is another side to the traditional perspective of workers (Bartol and Martin 1998, p. 52).This literature review will be focusing on the evolution of McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y in relation to the development of management theory. Moreover will be explaining the definition of X and Y theory and its relevance to 21st century. McGregor proposed two contrasting sets of managerial assumptions about the workers. He further examined taking Taylor’s traditional view of workers and Mayo’s human relation approach into consideration, which he labelled Taylor’s view as ‘Theory X’ and as Mayo’s view as ‘Theory Y’ (Montana and Charnov 2000, p. 25). [ (Stephen P.Robbins) ] However, ‘both these theories have the common definition of functions of manager: management is responsible for organising the elements of productive enterprise- money, materials, equipment, and people- in the best interest of economic ends’. Main differences in these two theories are the assumptions (Urwick 1970, p .1). McGregor with his experience as a manager and as a psychologist, observed the behaviour and attitude of the workers (Daft.2003, p. 47). According to Kopelman, Prottas and Davis (2008, p 1) Theory X represents that workers generally dislike work, are irresponsible, ar e lethargic and require close supervision. In contrast, Theory Y denotes that individuals are generally creative, innovative, accept responsibility and believe work is a natural activity. Furthermore, his observations on the classical and the behavioural approaches to understanding workers were found different. He paired up his theories to the work of Abraham Maslow, where he compared the higher needs put forward by Abraham Maslow such as self-actualization, to a Theory Y leadership style, and lower needs such as physiological and safety, to the Theory X leadership style (Bartol and Martin 1998, p. 51). Theory X is referred to as optimistic and Theory Y as pessimistic (Montana and Charnov 2000, p 26), others labeled Theory X as negative and Theory Y as positive (Robbins et al.1998, p 202) and according Schein (1970, p.5) McGregor called Theory X as â€Å"hard approach† and Theory Y as â€Å"soft approach†. According to McGregor (1960, p. 33-35), the assumptions of Theory X are that individuals by nature do not like to work and will avoid it if possible. Furthermore, human beings do not want responsibility and desire precise guidance. Additionally, the workers put their own concerns above that of the organization and by nature they are resistant to changes. Finally, human beings are taken for granted to be easily manipulated and controlled. According to Boddy and Paton (1998, p. 201) it is of practice with Theory X philosophy to include time registration, supervision, quality checked by a superior as assigned in job description. The main focus of Theory X is that of external control, by systems, procedures or supervision. They believed that managers who accepted Theory X view would be inconsiderate in accepting aptitude of a normal human being (Boddy and Paton 1998, p. 200). Managers who assign to Theory X are expected to practice authoritarian style (Lewis, Goodman and Fandt 1998, p. 56). By contrast, Theory Y has assumptions which is completely opposite of Theory X. As per Theory Y, work is natural, and tries to occupy them actively and enjoy too. Furthermore, workers do not require detailed supervision and they are self-motivated. Additionally, it assumes that they work innovatively and creatively. If people are given a chance to prove their competency they are ambitious to solve problems and help their organizations meet their goals (McGregor 1960, p. 47-48). Managers who hold the belief in Theory Y are likely to exercise a participatory style, discussing with their subordinate voicing their opinion, and encouraging them to take part in decision making (Lewis, Goodman and Fandt 1998, p. 56). Management’s main aim is to structure a proper working environment in order to achieve their higher-order personal goals by achieving organizational objectives (Bloisi, Cook and Hunsaker 2007, p. 205). The organizations of 21st century are in a more dynamic world where technology, education and research and better economic conditions are vastly improving. It becomes gradually more important for managers to hold the set of assumptions about human behaviour that McGregor has proposed in his Theory If an individual holds Theory X assumptions then he will not be logical and responsive to data, therefore, will have limited choice of managerial style. In regard to Theory Y, he can wisely choose from variety of options (Schein 1975, p. 7). Having worked for 15 years in many types of organization, Schein (1975, p. 3) believes that organizations need more Theory Y managers at all levels especially at higher levels. However, few companies still practice Theory X management (Daft 2003, p.48), but many are applying Theory Y concept of management such as Hewllet Packard (Waddell et al. 2007, p. 56) and SOL cleaning service, and it has proved to be a success. They consider everyone equal and value each employee’s contribution (Daft 2003, p.48). According to Kochan, Orlikowski and Gershenfeld (2002, p.4) assumptions characterizing twentieth century refers to Theory X and twenty first century organization’s characteristics refer to Theory Y were explained using people, work, technology leadership and goals. Many organizations have realised the importance of the human capital and are currently try to adopt to change themselves as they recognize. McGregor argued that modern organizations do not take into account the innovativeness of workers. In order to utilize these valuable assets, managers need to provide employees to use their expertise. Thus, provide and create conditions that integrate individual and organisational goals (Boddy and Paton 1998, p. 200-201). McGregor believed that people in twenty first century are more educated and affluent and they are more self controlled (Hersey, Blanchard and Johnson 2001, p. 60). Hence, most of the modern organisations strongly practices management by delegating authority, job enlargement, making work more interesting, with increased level of responsibilities and their share of information and innovations regarding the work content, work design and results (Montana and Charnov 2000, p. 25). Finally, in order to measure the performance of the individual, the organisations have appraisal system which evaluates their performances annually or semi-annually. For example, companies such as General Mills, Ansul Chemicals, and General Electric have been experimenting with performance appraisal approaches (Ott, Parkes and Simpson 2003, p. 168). These managerial propositions are associated best with the Theory Y management style. According Lorshe and Morse (cited in David and Robert 2000, p. 202) in their research of four companies and concluded that successful company in the normal business used a consistent Theory X style and the other in the creative business used theory Y .These theories may be applicable to some organizations and to some cultures. In article, peoples Republic of China, being a communist country has practiced Theory X in the past and has adopted to practice Theory Y style with a productive result (Oh 1976, p. 1). In summary, Theory X and Theory Y have significant impact on modern management styles. The assumptions of these two theories hold the extreme ends and McGregor assumed that people’s behaviour is strongly influenced by their beliefs. His theories have been labelled relating to Taylor and Mayo’s work. As in my opinion there is no one best theory which may fit all organizations. However, more in depth research need to be undertaken to identify and prove which theory does best fits. According to Boddy and Paton (1998, p. 202) many argue that both these theories may be inappropriate in some situations. â€Å"Theory Y is a theory of human motivation, not a theory of how to manage or run an organization† (Schein 1975, p. 1). References Waddell, D, Devine, J, Jones, GR & George, JM 2007, Contemporary Management, McGraw-Hill Irwin, North Ryde. Bartol, KM & Martin, DC, Management, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill Co, Boston Montana, P & Charnov, B 2000, Barron’s Management, 3rd edn, Hauppauge, N.Y Daft, RL 2000, Management, 6th edn, Thomson learning, Ohio Robbins, SP, Millett, B, Cacioppe, R & Marsh TW 1998, Organizational behaviour: Learning and managing in Australia and New Zealand, 2nd edn, Prentice Hall, Sydney McGregor, D 1960, The human side of enterprise, McGraw-Hill book company, New York Boddy, D & Paton, R 1998, Management: an introduction, Prentice Hall Europe, London Lewis, PS, Goodman, SH & Fandt, PM 1998, Management: Challenges in the 21st century, 2nd edn, South-Western College Pub, Cincinnati Bloisi, W, Cook, CW & Hunsaker, PL 2007, Management and organisational behaviour, 2nd edn, McGraw-Hill, Berkshire Hersey, P, Blanchard, KH & Johnson, DE 2001, Management and organizational behaviour : leading human resources, 8th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River Kopelman, RE, Prottas, DJ & Davis, AL 2008, ‘Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y: toward a construct†valid measure’, Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 20, no. 2, 255†271, retrieved 22nd March 2011, Ebsco Host Ott, JS, Parkes, SJ & Simpson RB 2003, Classical reading in organizational behaviour, 3rd edn, Thomson/Wadsworth, Belmont Schein, EH 1975, ‘In defence of Theory Y’, Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 4, Issue 1, p17-30, retrieved 22nd March 2011, Ebsco Host Oh, TK 1976, ‘Theory Y in People’s Republic of China’, California Management Review, Vol. 19, Issue 2, p77-84, retrieved 22nd March 2011, Ebsco Host Urwick, LF 1970, ‘Theory Z’, SAM Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 35, Issue 1, p14, retrieved 28th March 2011, Ebsco Host Kochan, T, Orlikowski,W & Gershenfeld JC 2002, ‘Beyond McGregor’s Theory Y:Human Capital and Knowledge-Based Work in the 21st Century Organization’, retrieved 24th March 2011, http://mitsloan.mit.edu/50th/pdf/beyondtheorypaper.pdf

Nephrotic syndrome is presented Essays

Nephrotic syndrome is presented Essays Nephrotic syndrome is presented Essay Nephrotic syndrome is presented Essay In this presentation, pathological history of the job topic with Nephrotic syndrome is presented. The attack with regard to the aetiology, diagnosing, intervention and bar of the disease is elaborated. The issues discussed there would be: Using the patient s clinical diagnostic findings as the grounds of the implicit in cause of the disease. Measuring the logical thinking for the upset of the operation. Management of the disease. ( reference side-effects if any and the costs ) Nephrotic syndrome ( NS ) is a aggregation of symptoms as a effect of damaged kidneys.Based upon the clinical, research lab and histological characteristics, the nephrotic syndrome is classified as ague or chronic and Idiopathic/primary nephrotic syndrome-with glomerular disease intrinsic to the kidney or Secondary nephrotic syndrome- associated with assorted extrinsic causes. ( Lane.C.J, Nephrotic syncrome ( 2009 ) eMedicine ; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ) . In grownups the primary causes responsible for nephrotic syndrome are membranous glomerulonephritis and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.While the secondary NS occurs as manifestations of systemic diseases such as dibetes mellitus, lupus erythematosus, reaping hook cell anaemia, minimal-change disease, HIV, hepatitis B or C, usage of nonstreroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or multiple myeloma. ( Laurie Barclay, Medscape Medical News ©2009Medscape, LLC ) . The clinical characteristics of NS are albuminurias, hypoalbuminemia ( A ; lt ; 2.5g/dL ) , hypercholesteremia, hydrops and hypercoagulability. ( Szu-Chia Chen, et al 2010 ; Mian N. A. Nephrotic syndrome ( 2009 ) Pediatric clinical advisor-Instant Diagnosis and Treatment,2nd edition, Elsevier Inc, Pages 393-395 ) . Regardless of whether the etiology is a primary glomerular disease or a systemic upset, the escape of albumen in the urine reflects a breach of the permselectivity barrier in the kidney and dysregulation of plasma ultrafiltration. ( Ernie L. ( 2009 ) Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome, Genetic Diseases of the Kidney, Elsevier Inc. ) Proteinuria is caused due to the changes in the selective permeableness of glomerular capillary wall, resulted by the underlying glomerular disease ( Donald.E et al ( 2003 ) Nephrology secrets,2nd edition. Hanley and Belfus: USA. Page-64 ) The proteins more likely to be present in piss are albumin and globulin. However, albumin being the smaller si zed protein, its tends to leak out through little pores in the podocytes easy. But these pores are non so big to let cells through ( hence no haematuria ) . Due to which the patient may endure from hydropsy, as albumin maps in retaining the fluid in the blood by soaking up fluids from organic structure tissues. Some patients show no symptoms of nephrotic syndrome until albuminuria is dignosed. However, in instance of hydrops, the organic structure tends to demo outstanding puffinesss, most normally arround mortise joints and pess, due to the high intravascular hrydrostatic force per unit area. Although hypoalbuminemia is the chief feature of nephrotic syndrome ( NS ) , there are many patients with high albuminurias that do non develop hypoalbuminemia ( Praga M et Al ( 1991 ) Nephrotic albuminuria without hypoalbuminemia: clinical features and response to angiotensin-converting enzyme suppression, Am J Kidney Dis, Spain 17 ( 3 ) :330-8. ) While hypercholesteremia is due to alter in t he balance of assorted protein degrees in blood due to protein escape. The symptoms of Nephrotic syndrome involve swelling in the tissues around the eyes or in the pess or mortise joints, high degrees of lipoids, high blood force per unit area and susceptibleness to infections. The albumen count in blood falls below the normal scope ( 35g/L-50g/L ) while the urine albumen count raises from the normal rate ( A ; lt ; 150mg/L ) , largely greater than 3.5g/d. ( Medical Education Institute.Inc, Madison ( 2010 ) ) Case survey Brian is 52year old and a instructor by profession, had been unwell for several months.He complained of being highly fatigued, he frequently woke up at dark to urinate and had swollen ankles.On proving blood and urine samples, the GP revealed that Brian sufferd from nephrotic syndrome.This was farther verified by a nephritic biopsy. The studies from the staining processs on the glomeruli stated thickener of the glomerular cellar walls ( fig 1 ) , sclerosed glomeruli and formation of spikes like construction along the cellar membrane ( fig 2 ) . The H A ; E discolorations and the Ag discoloration highlighted the basophilic-eosinophilic constructions and the proteinaceous glomerular cellar membranes in black severally. ( Hauber.P.H et al ( 2009 ) Pas staining of bronchoalveolar lavage cells for differential diagnosing of interstital lung disease, Diagnostic pathology,4:13 ) .